Effect of sonolysis on kinetics and physicochemical properties of treated chitosan

Low molecular weight chitosan with weight‐average molecular weight from 161 to 22,000Da were obtained by sonolysis. Optimal conditions for sonolysis were described. The influence of sonolysis condition and the molecular parameters of initial chitosan on the degradation rate and degradation rate constant were investigated in detail. Weight‐average molecular weight (M_w) and molecular weight dispersion (M_w/M_n) of samples were measured by gel permeation chromatography. The structure of degraded chitosan were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray diffraction, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. For a given sonolysis time, the decrease in molecular weight has been found to be greatest at lowest reaction temperature and lowest chitosan concentration. Molecular weight of samples decreased exponentially with increasing sonication time at early stages. The action mode of ultrasound on the splitting of molecular chain of chitosan has been discussed. The degree of deacetylation of the main hydrolysis products almost unchanged compared with the initial chitosan. The decrease of molecular weight led to transformation of crystal structure but the chemical structures of residues were not modified. Ultrasonic treatment on chitosan is an alternative, safe method to prepare chitosan having different molecular weights, which are more suitable for biomedical and food applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

ANALYSIS OF CAPSAICIN AND DIHYDROCAPSAICIN IN HOT PEPPERS BY ULTRASOUND ASSISTED EXTRACTION FOLLOWED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY

A simple method for the analysis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in peppers by ultrasound assisted extraction (USAE) followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed. USAE conditions were optimized by experimental design in order to maximize analyte extraction. A full factorial design involving extraction variables such as solvent (ethanol and water), extraction time (5–25 min), extraction temperature (25–50 °C), sample amount (0.25–0.5 g), and ultrasound amplitude (40–80%) was applied. The most significant conditions for capsaicinoid extraction by USAE were solvent type, extraction time, and sample amount. The obtained results were compared with other extraction methods: the official Soxhlet method and a previously reported solid phase microextraction method. Results showed that the extraction efficiency with the application of USAE (98%) was as good as that obtained with Soxhlet and the precision of recovery was less than 5%; in addition, the extraction time was decreased from 5 h to 25 min. The GC-MS analytical method was linear in the range 10–100 μg/mL for capsaicin and dihydrocpsaicin with correlation coefficient r = 0.998 and peak area variability of ～1% for both capsaicinoids. The method was applied to the analysis of 11 varieties of hot peppers cultivated in México. A large concentration range for capsaicin (101–6800 μg/g) and dihydrocapsaicin (110–2736 μg/g) was found in these pepper samples.     

人体软组织超声检测仪的电路设计

设计了一种新的超声发射和接收电路，在超声发射电路中，不需要提供高的直流电压源即可产生高达400伏的触发脉冲。降低了成本，提高了使用的安全性；接收电路使用了放大器MAX4104和A／D转换芯片TLC5540，电路简单实用；系统实验证明，该发射和接收电路精度高，工作稳定。     

图像融合在医学超声影像中的应用

图像融合是图像分析和处理的基本问题,在医学影像领域有着广泛的应用。将它引入医学超声影像中,以期获得更清晰的利于诊断的医学超声图像。利用小波变换理论首先将谐波图像与基波图像进行分解,然后利用基于窗口的融合规则进行融合,最后利用小波逆变换重建图像。融合结果表明融合后的医学超声图像更清晰,计算结果表明信噪比更高。融合方法使得借助超声进行疾病诊断的结果更为准确。     

圆形烧蚀光斑的纵波声场分析

圆形烧蚀光斑具有轴对称性且易于获取,在激光超声检测中有着广泛的应用。为了获得相应的纵波声场特性,建立了激励源模型,讨论了近场中声轴上声压幅值分布情况并获得了近场长度。利用面积积分,推导出声压振幅的表达式,并对远场中的声场能量进行了模拟。通过分析发现,远场中的纵波能量关于声束轴线呈对称分布,并且在轴线上达到最大值,此外光斑大小直接影响着纵波声场指向性。搭建了一套激光超声非接触式测量系统,基于互易原理并根据传播距离修正信号振幅,获得了指向性实验数据,验证了理论分析结果。     

基于语音识别控制的激光超声水下遥感研究

为了减少激光致声对水下目标遥感的实时性和有效性的影响,分析了激光超声诱导与光声效应原理,采用语音识别技术实现字符化编码,探讨语音信息的基频编码和控制激光发射的码型结构。搭建了实验测试系统,利用波长为1.06μm的脉冲激光进行水下超声激励,通过对水下激光声信号采集处理,完成了实验室空中平台到水下目标的实时语音控制。结果表明,非特定人的语音指令识别与编码方法有效实现了可变基频的激光超声水下目标控制。该研究为激光声水下目标遥感应用提供了一种新的技术途径。     

碳纤维复合材料激光超声检测方法研究

激光超声检测技术具有非接触、快速及高效等优点,在复合材料无损检测领域应用前景较好。该文研究了激光热弹激发超声应力的机理,构建了非接触式扫描激光超声检测系统,用于碳纤维复合材料结构健康状况的实时在线检测。实验研究了超声信号与激光参数和接收距离等参数间的关系。实验结果表明,激光超声检测技术可有效用于碳纤维复合材料结构健康检测;建立的碳纤维复合材料激光超声检测系统采用了扫描激光技术,单次检测仅需0.1s,提高了检测效率,且装置简单,操作方便,易于安装调试;热弹范围内超声信号幅值随激光能量增大而增大,随接收距离增大而减小。     

Recent Advances of Using Hybrid Nanocarriers in Remotely Controlled Therapeutic Delivery

The development of hybrid biomaterials has been attracting great attention in the design of materials for biomedicine. The nanosized level of inorganic and organic or even bioactive components can be combined into a single material by this approach, which has created entirely new advanced compositions with truly unique properties for drug delivery. The recent advances in using hybrid nanovehicles as remotely controlled therapeutic delivery carriers are summarized with respect to different nanostructures, including hybrid host–guest nanoconjugates, micelles, nanogels, core–shell nanoparticles, liposomes, mesoporous silica, and hollow nanoconstructions. In addition, the controlled release of guest molecules from these hybrid nanovehicles in response to various remote stimuli such as alternating magnetic field, near infrared, or ultrasound triggers is further summarized to introduce the different mechanisms of remotely triggered release behavior. Through proper chemical functionalization, the hybrid nanovehicle system can be further endowed with many new properties toward specific biomedical applications.     

Multifunctional lymph-targeted platform based on Mn@mSiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanocomposites: Combining PFOB for dual-mode imaging and DOX for cancer diagnose and treatment

A universal platform with Mn doping and hyaluronic acid (HA) modification, based on mesoporous silica (mSiO₂), was designed and used as a basic multifunctional material with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Furthermore, we added flexible functions through the addition of functional molecules. Specially, two typical compounds, hydrophobic perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOB) and hydrophilic doxorubicin (DOX), were loaded into the channels to obtain PFOB@Mn@mSiO₂@HA (PMMH) or DOX@Mn@mSiO₂@HA (DMMH) nanoparticles for dual-mode imaging or imaging and therapy, respectively. The PMMH and DMMH nanoparticles were highly targeted to the lymph system in vitro and in vivo. MR and ultrasound imaging of PMMH nanoparticles were performed in the lymph system, while MR imaging and chemotherapy of DMMH nanoparticles was used to detect cancer. These results showed that both PMMH and DMMH nanoparticles can be designed with high lymph targeting efficiency. PMMH nanoparticles are a dual-mode contrast agent for both ultrasound and MR imaging for the lymph system and DMMH nanoparticles are powerful agents for the combined diagnosis and therapy of cancer in vivo.

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超声协同静电场提取黄花菜中总黄酮的研究

在自发研究的提取装置的基础上,通过单因素试验,比较超声协同静电场辅助提取和单独使用超声辅助提取黄花菜黄酮的提取效率;采用正交试验,探索超声协同静电场辅助提取黄花菜总黄酮的最优工艺。结果表明:超声协同静电场提取比超声辅助提取可以获得更高的黄花菜黄酮提取得率;超声协同静电场的最佳提取因素组合是静电场为7 kV,超声电功率为600 W,乙醇体积浓度为50%,提取时间为40 min,固液比1:25以及提取温度55℃由单因素试验确定。在最佳因素的条件下,黄花菜黄酮的提取得率最高可达1.48%。通过探讨超声和静电场的作用机理,从理论上解释为超声具有破壁作用,静电场具有破膜作用。两者结合共同作用时,静电场可视为超声场的一个随机干扰,加强了超声空化效应,强化了破坏植物细胞组织,获得了更高的黄酮提取得率。